Furnace choice is dependent on the alloy system quantities produced. Modern furnace types include electric arc furnaces (EAF), induction furnaces, cupolas, reverberatory, and crucible furnaces. Furnaces are refractory-lined vessels that contain the material to be melted and provide the energy to melt it. ![]() Several specialised furnaces are used to heat the metal. During the tap, final chemistry adjustments are made. Certain fluxes may be used to separate the metal from slag and/or dross and degassers are used to remove dissolved gas from metals that readily dissolve in gasses. ![]() Material is added during the melting process to bring the final chemistry within a specific range specified by industry and/or internal standards. Refining is done to remove harmful gases and elements from the molten metal to avoid casting defects. The process includes melting the charge, refining the melt, adjusting the melt chemistry and tapping into a transport vessel. Internal scrap consists of gates, risers, defective castings, and other extraneous metal oddments produced within the facility. External scrap is material from other forming processes such as punching, forging, or machining. Alloying elements are either pure forms of an alloying element, like electrolytic nickel, or alloys of limited composition, such as ferroalloys or master alloys. ![]() Virgin material refers to commercially pure forms of the primary metal used to form a particular alloy. Virgin material, external scrap, internal scrap, and alloying elements are used to charge the furnace. A metal die casting robot in an industrial foundry
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